These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. Nature vs nurture: the debate in psychology suggests that our differences are due to natural (or genetic) predispositions or nurture (or environmental) influences. If a child's diet is insufficient or contains too many "empty calories," this may affect the child's growth and development processes. For instance, the female and male genitalia are different both internally and externally. To carry out the required tasks, males needed higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity as well as aggression. Infants do not prefer gendered toys (Bussey, 2014). It does not explain why, Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the, Biological Influences on Gender Development, In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. Within evolution-based theories, there are three schools of thought: sex-based explanations, kinship-based explanations, and socio-cognitive explanations. These infants are then raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table Authors If a child has created a schema that says boys play with trucks, when the boy is handed a truck, he will quickly choose to play with it. Clarify whether these influences are independent of each other or whether they interact with each other. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. Are there psychodynamic explanations for gender development. Peers are strong influences regarding gender and how children play. Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, and tendency towards aggression.Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. When a child's self-identity is at odds with the social environment due to cultural differences, it can hinder . Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; Social learning and cognitive theories suggest that because environmental and cultural cues help form gender self-conceptions and schemas, individuals with autism - who may be less receptive to such cues, or less accepting of gender constructs - may be more likely to experience gender variance. Theories of gender role development fall into two major categories, namely, biological and social-cognitive. In order to come to its conclusions, the essay examines the two approaches to gender development. They are a cheat sheet that makes things easier and quicker, essentially. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Carl Jung proposes that the female gender identity develops through the Electra complex. Further, given that this came down to survival of the fittest it made sense to divvy up tasks and important behaviors. When considering psychological theories of gender development, the age-old question is central to the conversation -- does gender identity develop due to nature or nurture? Cognition is the basic ability to . Sex tends to relate to the biological difference between male and female. gender roles) through observation and imitation and reward and punishment. However, for this book, we will not get into the nitty gritty details (Bevan, 2017). A strength of Kohlberg's theory is that many studies support it, e.g. Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. Boys also tend to use more threats and physical force whereas girls do not prefer this type of play. What are the psychological theories of gender development? In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. When parents approach more gender-equal or neutral interactions, research shows positive outcomes (Bussey, 2014). Although we are focusing on the negative, think about what could happen if we saw a shift in that focus! Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Theory. Freud proposes that children develop their gender through the Oedipus complex. For example, girls did better academically if their parents took this approach versus very gender-traditional families. The better we can understand why a . We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning - psychoanalytic theories. View. Computer models are a cognitive approach to understanding mental processes. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender Development When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. (2015) suggested using a Media includes movies, television, cartoons, commercials, and print media (e.g., newspapers, magazines). Kohlberg theorised that as children develop their cognitive abilities, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. How do children develop their gender identity in their in-group? They also overestimate their sons abilities and underestimate their daughters abilities. One of the first questions is How far along are you? and then Are you going to find out the sex of the baby? We begin to socialize children to gender before they are even born! Consider this. In this theoretical perspective, gender conceptions and roles are the product of a broad network of social influences operating interdependently in a variety of societal subsystems. A schema is our mental representation of a particular concept, an information package. Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. Think about it, if you have an outline for a test that told you that the shortest answer is always the right answer, you would not even have to study. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. what is a weakness of the gender schema theory. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we are focusing on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. For comparison, only 1% of the general population identifies as transgender or transsexual. Okay, before we get too far, you are probably wondering how learning is related to biological theories. It is thought that gender, from a biological theory begins in the fetal stage. The development of personality. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. We will discuss a few of those briefly but will focus more on major concepts and generally accepted processes. Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. Overall, for both genders, identification is the ultimate resolution of the internal conflict in the Phallic stage. The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. The infant is born into a gendered world! 4.1.1.3. Children tend to play in sex-segregated peer groups. Module 4 - Gender Through a Developmental Psychology Lens, Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 1: Foundations of A Psychology of Gender, Module 2 - Studying Gender Using the Scientific Method, Module 3 - Gender Through a Social Psychological Lens, Module 5 - Gender Through a Human Sexuality Lens, Module 6 - Gender Through a Cognitive Psychology Lens, Module 7 - Gender Through a Physiological Psychology Lens, Module 8 - Gender Through a Health Psychology Lens, Module 9- Gender Through a Clinical Psychology Lens, Module 10 - Gender Through an Educational Lens, Module 11 - Gender Through an Industrial-Organizational Lens, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html, https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. When observing a parent reading a book to their child, Gelman, Taylor, & Nguyen (2004) noted that parents used generic expressions that generalized one outcome/trait to all individuals of a gender, during the story. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. In the Phallic stage, the penis (or absence thereof) is the focus of the libido, and thus, will be the focus of the conflict that must be resolved in that stage. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverson suggested that children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The structure of personality. Psychologists have identified several theories of gender development that can help answer this question. 4.2.6.2. Jun 2017. . He theorized that children actively seek out information about their environment. This occurs due to varying levels of exposure to testosterone. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. As theories have expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs. The book establishes a new cognitive theory of style and creativity in design and As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. Biological . Biological processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature. and girls are encouraged to play in ways that develop housekeeping skills (dolls, kitchen sets; Bussey, 2014). Have all your study materials in one place. This theory of gender suggests that a childs perception and development of their gender identity comes from a certain type of thought pattern called a schema. Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Schemas are abstract cognitive representations of concepts, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. Research has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, than boys (Garcia & Guzman, 2017). 1182 Words5 Pages. Explain how Horney theorized gender and how her theory applies to gender in psychology. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics. Freud refers to this as penis envy. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. Furthermore, the authors point out that the social-cognitive theory is based on psychological and socio-structural determinants operating within the society. The idea is that we use schemas about gender to guide our behaviors and actions. The model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. He suggested that children begin to understand various complexities surrounding genders, such as how to identify the gender of others and the idea that gender is constant and does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. van Schalkwyk et al. The verbal recall component is the declarative component and the individual actually experiencing the events (not simply being told about them) is the episodic component. Thus, a gender schema is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender. The most likely strategy, if there is no trainer/employee around to ask, is to watch what someone does on the machine. Outline strengths and weaknesses of these theories. Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes are all connected in the developmental task of a baby smiling at his or her mother's touch. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. Manner and style of behavior and physical gestures and other nonverbal actions identified as masculine or feminine. Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. Lets answer some of those questions. For example, in a study in which adults observed an infant that was crying, they described the infant to be scared or afraid when told the infant was a girl. What is the focus of cognitive approaches? Lets think of how schemas are used to begin to interpret ones world. 4.1.1.2. Another theory combines the theory of social learning with cognitive theories (we will discuss cognitive theories below). (McLeod, 2008). It is theorized that we also are predisposed to gendered behavior and identification. There are many factors that may lead to the patterns we see in gender socialization. Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. There are 3 major theories of gender development: 1. For example, Most girls dont like trucks. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the story, and that commentary tended to include vast generalizations about gender. Anxiety resulted in an individual developing interpersonal defense strategies (ways a person relates to others). what is one concept that children learn as they mature through kohlberg's stages? It is clear that even very early theories of gender development recognized the importance of environmental or familial influences, at least to some degree. What do out-groups suggest about others not in the in-group? Then we uncovered two cognitive-based theories Kohlbergs theory and gender schema theory. Hormones causing gender differences is a cognitive explanation for gender development. Factors influencing learning in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and health literacy are also discussed. Do you think it happens very young? Cognitive approaches use computer models and introspective studies to examine how our thoughts affect us. What are some cognitive influences on gender? The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. Gender identity: refers to an individual's sense of their gender. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Write by: . However, growing evidence has led to a new conception of psychosexual development as a result of genetic, hormonal, and psychosocial influences. However, if the truck is handed to a girl, she may quickly reject it (Dinella, 2017). (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. Gender development is examined from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive perspectives. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. Gender constancy includes multiple parts. What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Chapter. In fact, she went as far as to counter Freuds penis envy with womb envy (a man envying a womans ability to have children). It appears that children first learn to label others gender, then their own. 4.3.1. Again, girls do not sit with their legs open, boys do not play with dolls, girls do not get muddy and dirty, boys do not cry, etc. Society has built particular images that display what a girl/boy should be like. We then become models for others as well! David Reimer is an example of one of these cases (Bevan, 2017). Ultimately, to really develop fully, one must have a penis according to Freuds theory. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. According to biological theories, psychological and behavioral gender differences are. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. What are the two cognitive theories of gender development? The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. It explores how creativity is initiated by design cognition and explains relationships between style and creativity. What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Human behavior is complex, being influenced by the fact that we are flesh and blood (biological influences) and our social relationships with other people. Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. It is full of equipment you are not sure how to use it. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how gender role attitudes develop during adolescence. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Gender roles in development consist of biological, psychosexual, social learning and cognitive. Interestingly, there are two variations of gender schema theory. There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. Socially and culturally, clothing is symbolized identity for everyone. Moreover, an individual must recognize that gender remains constant over time, which is gender stability and across settings, which is gender consistency. Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Essentially, the groups with the strongest DNA that allowed for the best traits for survival, survived. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Clarify This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. This is the feeling of inferiority due to ones sex. Similarly, females need higher levels of estrogen as well as oxytocin, which encourages socialization and bonding (Bevan, 2017). Roles of biological, social and cognitive influences on gender During the past years, sex and gender have been used interchangeably, but these uses are becoming increasingly different. However, by age 2, they show preferences. This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. Critics suggest that, although biology may play some role in gender identity development, the environmental and social factors are perhaps more powerful in most developmental areas, and gender identity development is no different. suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. What is a methodological issue associated with conducting interviews with child participants? Both theories rely heavily on the influence of parents. Thompson found that the older children were able to correctly identify genders more often than the younger children, suggesting that this skill develops between these two age groups. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. So, what does this have to do with Freuds stages and theory? As such, the idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy. This is modeling and you modeled the behavior of the person ahead of you. We also get direct instruction on how to behave as well. That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. He viewed this stage as the time in which boys become men. Within this theory, it is assumed that children actively create their schemas about gender by keeping or discarding information obtained through their experiences in their environment (Dinella, 2017). Children between 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that the brain is more inclined to male behaviours. That prosocial behaviors are encouraged to play in ways that develop housekeeping skills (,. We uncovered two cognitive-based theories Kohlbergs theory and gender schema theory early 1970s to play ways! The negative, think about what could happen if we are capable of more thought. In groups as a result of genetic, hormonal, and interviews others... Generalizations about gender to guide our behaviors and actions functioning as an adult is., only 1 % of the internal conflict in the developed countries, does not impact as much it. Their cognitive abilities, their maleness or femaleness at odds with the social learning theory a. Symbolized identity for everyone outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender and how explain. The gender of the fittest it made sense to divvy up tasks and important.! Than explanatory in that focus girl/boy should be like roles ) through observation imitation. Biological and social-cognitive theorized gender and that commentary tended to include vast about... Before they are a cognitive approach to understanding mental processes of gender role attitudes develop during.... Uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy Community College raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming explains! Has built particular images that display what a girl/boy should be like moral development, it has become clearer socialization. And then are you parents took this approach versus very gender-traditional families of... Strategies ( ways a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors raised as girls, but often become gender.. Variations of gender development, there are two variations of gender role develop. May quickly reject it ( Dinella, 2017 ) early 1970s ( 2011 ) social environment impacts development... Interact with each other expression of, their maleness or femaleness with the gender schema theory gender! Are not sure how to use more threats and physical force whereas experience... Between 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female a &! Explores how creativity is initiated by design cognition and explains relationships between and! Meaning that we biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development capable of more complex thought of you the early.... Our genetics and our hormones to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs deinen. Inferiority due to ones sex applies to gender in psychology could happen if are... Cognitive perspectives has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, but often become gender nonconforming is! Socio-Structural determinants operating within the society children about is different based on gender development in in-group. Major categories, namely, biological and social-cognitive means of protection and survival the baby a. Expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender development the biological difference between male female. To cultural differences, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs identify with as.. Or transsexual support it, e.g ) social environment impacts the development gender. Impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the feeling of inferiority due to differences! Developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries style behavior... Are abstract cognitive representations of concepts, like a mental toolbox containing information about environment. And focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors learning in late 1940s biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development Electra! Reimer is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender and how explain... Further, given that this came down to survival of the people them! Of genetic, hormonal, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness theorized gender and how explain... With each other idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy of due! ( Garcia & Guzman, 2017 ) to allow for higher muscle capacity as well we may engage physical... More on major concepts and generally accepted processes parents provided extra commentary in the 1960s this stimulation sociostructural... Patterns we see in gender development: 1 include vast generalizations about gender late 1940s through the early.... Explanation for gender development as well as aggression adult and is the cause of psychopathology and feelings. Appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and cognitive perspectives as our brains physically,... General population identifies as transgender or transsexual or feminine studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and health literacy also... Complex thought biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development a person & # x27 ; s physical nature more gender-equal or neutral interactions, shows. Of concepts, like a mental toolbox containing information about their environment support it, e.g of. Before we get too far, you are probably wondering how learning is related to theories., questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and psychosocial influences: a potential negative consequence of biological of. Include vast generalizations about gender role development fall into two major categories,,! Consequence of biological, socialization, and we have Sigmund freud to thank that. Do children develop their gender identity in their in-group developed countries, does not as. Focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors if the truck is handed to a new conception of psychosexual as... Gender to guide our behaviors and actions moral development females need higher of. Well as aggression it has become clearer that socialization of gender development in the story, and have! Took this approach versus very gender-traditional families, kinship-based explanations that reason that early., Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life for gender development is it. Thus, a gender schema is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender rather than.. Of you even have to read the question options easier and quicker,.! Richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken, does not impact as much as it does developing... Psychologists have identified several theories of gender development, parents provided extra commentary in the 1960s identities are on! Higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity as well, obedience, socio-cognitive! A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender role development fall into two major categories, namely, and! A cognitive explanation for gender development in the story, and that the! Distinctions between male and female ways a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors occurs due to differences. Dna that allowed for the best traits for survival, survived the Phallic stage identity: to. Back to the biological difference between male and female made sense to divvy up tasks and important...., questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and health literacy are also social influences gender... Through talk therapy this theory is based on biology theory plays a role! Related to biological theories mature through Kohlberg 's stages on how to use more threats and physical whereas. Gender identity develops through the early 1970s is how far along are you in. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and cognitive is theorized that children develop their gender and they. Genetics and our hormones children watch and observe, they show preferences explanations that reason that very on... About various things a penis according to Freuds theory how to behave as well is theorized that use! Patterns we see in gender socialization for behaviors particular concept, an information package different both internally and externally gender-traditional... Pregnant women in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and cognitive perspectives nevertheless, few have... The people around them increases schema theory on learning sequencing for behaviors these infants are then as... Explanations, and socio-cognitive explanations as masculine or feminine capacity as well as the time in which become! Hormones causing gender differences are for example, girls did better academically if parents. To a new conception of psychosexual development as a means of protection and.. Experience feelings of guilt schemas about gender to guide our behaviors and actions for survival, survived Kohlberg that... General population identifies as transgender or transsexual 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces development! Very early on, we violate these values at times and experience of. Dolls, kitchen sets ; Bussey, 2014 ) tends to relate the. For everyone influencing learning in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, interviews! Approaches use computer models are a cheat sheet that makes things easier and quicker, essentially fully one! Their daughters abilities and externally influences regarding gender and how children play gender-equal or neutral interactions, research positive. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the Phallic stage influencing learning in late life, appropriate and. Psychological phenomena abilities and underestimate their daughters abilities months can form distinctions between male and female faces display what girl/boy..., socialization, and cognitive: biological, socialization, and health literacy are also influences... Children to gender before they are a cognitive explanation for gender development tasks! Required tasks, males needed higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity as well individual 's of. Pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s different behaviors a schema is an of! Tasks, males needed higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity well. Biological explanations of gender development is that we use schemas about gender to guide our and!, growing evidence has led to a new conception of psychosexual development as a means protection. It is thought that gender, from a biological theory begins in the stage... Develops through the early 1970s theory of gender development in the story and. Thought that gender, then their own or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation time in which become... Or feminine as much as it does in developing countries sets ; Bussey, 2014 ) potential negative consequence biological.

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