Feminine occurs from 1840 to 1880. Here, Showalter talks about the breakage of imitation. This is the reason that the study of feminist criticism cannot be done in the desired way because this aspect is incomplete when we talk about keeping male domination completely aside. However, these tendencies are visible in the sections which have so far been considered obscure or imperfect. In Gynocritics, the study of the following subjects is included. It proposes to construct a female framework for the analysis of womens literature, to develop new models based on womens experience. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'englishsummary_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',658,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Feminists should reject this notion completely as this is what patriarchy wants- to segregate the work of female authors and characterize it as inferior as it doesnt fit their male-oriented definition of good, instead of accepting and celebrating its difference.Feminist criticism from Steffany VillanuevaPrevious LessonIntroduction toFeminist CriticismNext LessonMichle Barrett, Introduction toReader-Response and Reception Theory, Introduction toGay, Lesbian and Queer Theories. Next, Showalter says that till now, we have studied women writers only in isolation, that is, we have never analyzed them separately that is how the female literary tradition evolved throughout the years. Mme Bourgeois was a passionate feminist, a follower of the activist Louise Michel, after whom her daughter was named. Elaine Showalter, an American feminist, retired recently from faculty position in Princeton University in . It is possible only when effect of gender and female literary tradition are considered among the various factors that affect the meaning of the text. The second phase is called the phase of protest or the feminist phase. The feminist content of feminine is typically oblique, displaced, ironic and subversive; one has to read it between the lines, in the missed possibilities. considers the exclusion of women in criticism as well as the misconceptions about them that What are the views of Elaine Showalter regarding feminist criticism? Instead, they turn to female experiences as the source of autonomous art. First-, second-, and third-wave feminisms roughly corresponding to the nineteenth century, the first three-quarters of the twentieth century, and the late twentieth- and early twenty-first centuries. Whether we talk about the role of women in writing work or the role of women in a work that has been written, in both cases, the role of women has been limited and that is wy there is often a need for male theoreticians. In the first category, women are consumers of a male-produced literature and this aspect of feminist criticism is concerned with the stereotypical representations of women, fissures in male-oriented literary theory and how patriarchy manipulated the female audiences. What is Showalters stage of self-awareness? In the essay, Towards a Feminist Poetics, Elaine Showalter advocates a new way of reading. The Feminine The first phase, the feminine phase dates from about 1840-1880. They are: the Feminine, the Feminist, and, the Female stages. This means, that here, a female understands the male-produced literature and analyzes it as a feminist critique and clarifies that the way women have been presented in it is based on the imagination and their understanding of women. About Elaine Showalters Theory of Gynocriticism. Ensure sufficient resources 4. Showalter, in A Literature of Their Own (1977), admirably began to fill this purpose, providing a re markably co prehensive overview o women's writing through three of its phases. The first she calls "feminist critique", in which the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. She states that as a reader, woman studies the texts created by male writers. the images and stereotypes that are presented in association with wome, considers the exclusion of women in criticism as well as the misconceptions about t, in the literary history is also analyzed to find gaps. undertaken by female is what she calls feminist critique. Women show more independent attitudes. What is Showalters theory of literary criticism? Choose your writer among 300 professionals! For many feminist theorists, the madwoman was a heroine who rebels against gender stereotypes and the . You must already be familiar with the work of feminism. phenomena. By this term, Showalter is referring to the literary framework that is going to assess the works of female authors and focuses on critiquing their work without using the terminologies used and developed by male critics and author, as using that sets the women writers at disadvantage. Home / Essay Samples / Literature / Literary Criticism, Gender Roles, Literary Criticism, Women's Rights. It refers to all those social and political ideas that imply equality and freedom for women in every way. Until very recently, feminist criticism has not had a theoretical basis; it has been an empirical orphan in the theoretical storm. And if men describe this all, then there will always be male domination in their writings. It applied an unpredictable weight on the story, tone, style, structure, and portrayal. Women also got their voting rights and they also started expressing their sufferings. The narrator uses retrospection and does not merely focus on the consciousness of one character. She divided this period of evolution into three stages the Feminine, the Tags: A Literature of their Own, Doris Lessing, Elaine Showalter, Feminism, Feminist Critique, George Eliot, Gynocriticism, Iris Murdoch, Jane Austen, Margaret Drabble, Muriel Spark, Virginia Woolf. In Toward a Feminist Poetics Showalter has divided the history of women's literature into three phases: Feminine: In the Feminine phase (18401880), "women wrote in an effort to equal the intellectual achievements of the male culture, and internalized its assumptions about female nature" i Feminist: The Feminist phase (18801920) was a period of . Towards A Feminist Showalter divides British women's literature into three phases: the feminine phase, lasting until the 1880's, when women had mostly internalised sexist assumptions . This essay aims to take a look into the play King Lear written by William Shakespeare, using both the feminist and psychoanalytical critical approach. What are the four types of gynocriticism? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'englishsummary_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',655,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-medrectangle-4-0'); So all these writers in these phases, though have a lot of unique characteristics in their work couldnt be seen in other male writers, at large failed to come of the constraints put forth by oppressive male values and concepts. Elaine Showalter's three phases of feminism: the "feminine" (women writers imitate men), the "feminist" (women advocated minority rights and protested), and the "female" (the focus is now on women's texts as opposed to merely uncovering misogyny in men's text). Elaine Showalter's A Literature of Their Own, which describes three stages in the history of women's literature, also proposes a similar multi-part model of the growth of feminist theory.First, according to Showalter, comes an androgynist poetics. Gynocritics is self-contained and experimental, and a lot can be done in this field. Woman as a writer- which she refers to as Gynocritics. She divides feminist criticism into two distinct modes: 1. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects is considered to be one of the most important works in feminism. Elaine Showalter's three phases of feminism: the "feminine" (women writers imitate men), the "feminist" (women advocated minority rights and protested), and the "female" (the focus is now on women's texts as opposed to merely uncovering misogyny in men's texts). But, this is possible only when there is no longer dependence on male literary tradition. In Krishna Varmas story The Grass Eaters, story takes place in the past in Calcutta, India. Elaine Showalter suggests that feminist critique is an ideological, righteous, angry, and admonitory search for the sins and errors of the past, and says gynocriticism enlists the grace of imagination in a disinterested search for the essential difference of womens writing.. Like most She is one of the founders of American literary criticism who developed and practiced the concept of Gynociritics. . Feminist critics explain how the subordination of women is reflected or challenged by literary texts. All language of the dominant group is all acceptable language. Viewing the womens literary tradition in terms of these phases, Showalter calls the first phase as feminine spanning from 1840 1880 (a phase of imitation, when women writers like George Eliot wrote with male pseudonyms); the second phase as the feminist phase (1880-1920, the phase of protest) when women won voting . Feminist critics should attempt thick description of womens writings. " This age or phase is also referred by Showalter as a " new stage of self-awareness ." The basic view of feminist criticism is that Western civilization is pervasively patriarchal, the prevailing concepts of gender are largely cultural constructs generated by the pervasive patriarchal biases and that the patriarchal ideology pervades those writings which have been traditionally considered great literature. During that period women wrote in an effort to equal the intellectual achievements of the male culture. And, in the same way, feminist literary criticism can also be called to be a part of feminism. It is here to stay. Feminist critics should attempt thick description of womens writings. The first wave feminism is associated with the women's suffrage movement of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century when women started to fight for the right to vote, albeit with little success. The first type is concerned with woman as a reader of male-produced literature. The influence of all these factors is guided by the cultural situation of a woman. She breaks down the movement into three stages - First, The Feminine - a period beginning with the use of the male pseudonym in the 1840s until 1880 with George Eliot's death; Second, The Feminist - from 1880 till the winning of the vote in 1920; and Third, The Female - from 1920 till the present-day. She argues that the social restrictions on women have to be removed in order to bring equality of both sexes in the public as well as in the private life. Medea is one of Euripidess best-known works that demonstrates the thematic idea of the feminist viewpoint. The position of married women legally and economically, in the eighteenth century, was in the possession of their husband. Critics, poets and philosophers should share it with them. Thank you very much, Your email address will not be published. https://literariness.org/2016/09/25/gynocriticism-a-brief-note/amp/, Gynocriticism A Brief Note Literary Theory and Criticism Notes. Post 1960 writers like Doris Lessing, Muriel Spark, Iris Murdoch and Margaret Drabble undertook an authentic anger and sexuality as sources of creative power, while reasserting their continuity with women writers of the past. This trend was introduced in, England in the 1840s. She announces that this stage is portrayed by women in an exertion so as to achieve highbrow equality with the manly culture. For instance, literary identity of a black American poet is forced upon her by the trends of the dominant group. (For instance, in the ads for baby soaps, only a mother is shown with the baby because of the stereotype that only the mother has to take care of the baby.). Women form muted group in society and men form dominant group. Feminist critique is political and male-oriented, that is, what a man should think of a woman and how he should present a woman in his literary work. What are the features of feminist poetics according to Elaine Showalter? What does Showalter say about women writers of the Victorian period? Showalter concludes that the promised land or situation when there would be no difference in the texts written by man and woman could not be attained. They embodied a declaration of independence in the female tradition and stood up to the male establishment in an outspoken manner. Showalter realizes that Gynocritics arise when the dependence on male literary Another problem is that role of male theoretician is a must in some fields of The law gives the husband full control and rights allowing him to be dominant over his wife. During that period women wrote in an effort to equal the intellectual achievements of the male culture . Which president is being depicted in the cartoon. They considered these two as forms of dependence. this phase the feminist content of feminine art is typically oblique, because of the inferiority, movement gained strengthwomen won the right to vote. Elaine Showalter's Theory: In A Literature of their Own, Elaine Showalter argued that literary subcultures all go through three major phases of development. Even during the feminine phase, women writers did not see their writing as an expression of their female experiences.Yet therepressive circumstances gave rise to innovative and covert ways to express their inner life, and thus we have the mad woman locked inthe attic,the crippled artist and the murderous wife. Showalter detects within the history of women's writing three historical phases of evolution. Elaine Showalter has three phases of feminism, the "feminine", the "feminist" and the "female". Woman as a reader- which she refers to as Feminist Critique. During this stage, feminist criticism moved on from the stage of awakening to the stage marked . She says that we can see patterns and phases in the evolution of a female tradition. Despite the restrictions, the novel from Jane Austen to George Eliot talked about the daily lives and values of women within a family and community. In her own words, this stage is, turning inward freed from some of the dependency of opposition, a search for identity. Her well-known works include: Towards Feminist Poetics(1979), Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media(1997). Elaine Showalter (born January 21, ) is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on In Toward a Feminist Poetics Showalter traces the history of women's literature, suggesting that it can be divided into three phases: Feminine: In. Elaine Showalter argues that womens writing was underestimated by the male commentators. experience. In her work, she demonstrates the characters conflict between their obligations to members of their families and their own desires. Feminist critics try to identify the aspects of women writers which do not follow the trends established by the male writers. Showalter points out that although women writers since the beginning have shared a covert solidarity with other womenwriters and their female audience; there was no expressive communalityor self-awareness before the 1840s. The Ecocriticism Reader Landmarks in Literary Ecology Summary, Roland Barthes The Death Of The Author Summary, Characteristics Of The Romantic Period In English Literature, UGC NET Syllabus For English Literature 2023. It is a historical grounded enquiry. In this essay. Women won the vote and utilized writing in order to exhibit the agony of wronged womanhood. Prior to the 20th century, women were the "idealized female," as the object of male desire. Who is Elaine Showalter and why is she important? This cannot be denied that the role of women in literary history was limited and that is why problems occur with feminist criticism. She is one of the founders of feminist literary criticism in the US. From The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir. Feminist criticism can be divided into two varieties. The subjects included in this are stereotypes that are present in literature about women and the misconceptions in the criticism of women, and it also analyzes the history of the treatment that male writers have given to female characters. language they chose for writing. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'englishsummary_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',657,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-banner-1-0'); The female writers of this phase, were neither imitating the eminent male writers and their style, nor were just focused to oppose the male authority to gain political and individual freedom, but were trying to celebrate the very nature and essence of what constitutes the female self, their body and sexuality and in a way truly coming close to their life. The female phase was marked by courageous self-exploration and a return to more realistic modes of expression. Abstract. Thank you so much sir for generous help but does Showalter refer that women would be writing alike ? J. The Female phase is that of self-discovery. of her other major works, in this essay she tries to analyze the field of feminist criticism from She is one of the founders of American literary criticism who developed and practiced the concept of Gynociritics. Showalter considers that both are signs Showalter concludes saying that feminist criticism is not visiting. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute - she is the Other. Marxist Feminism Analysis of Elaine Showalter's idea of woman's creativity. The paper studies the three phases of the woman writers divided and defined by Elaine Showalter. She also states that from Showalters Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness Page 10 Gabriella | 10 she gives four models in gynocriticism; biological approach, language approach, psychoanalytic approach, and cultural approach (77). The female phase has been continuing since 1920. What was the first feminist novel? It also Thus, history is inadequate to understand womens experience. Post 1960 writers like Doris Lessing, Muriel Spark, Iris Murdoch and Margaret Drabble undertook an authentic anger and sexuality as sources of creative power, while reasserting their continuity with women writers of the past. This analysis Mainly the female writers that emerged in the modernist movement could be suitably put in this phase. She coined the term gynocriticism, which is an extremely useful and quite a common word in feminist studies these days. I want to understand this please ? Epistles are used as a mean of communication between lovers and siblings. New models, themes, and genres should be developed that is based only and only on the study of the female experience so that the females point of view can be understood clearly. The feminist phase ranged from 1882 to 1920. One of the problems of feminist critique is that it is male-oriented. Originally storytelling was just what it sounds like: telling a story. When feminist criticism is studied in concern to woman as writer, Showalter terms it as Elaine Showalter - born January 21, 1941 - is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. Gynocriticism. This age or phase is also referred by Showalter as a new stage of self-awareness .. In her book A Literature of Their Own Elaine Showalter writes on English women writers. She observes that literary subcultures (black, Jewish, Anglo-Indian) tend to pass through these stages: 1) Imitation of the modes of the dominant tradition and internalization of the artistic and social values. Since they do not form part of mens life, they do not get representation in history. (Browne 30) Married women were deprived of property and the husband has full authority in the household. Since women have played limited role in literary history, there arises a problem for Feminist patterns and phases. The . Attainment of that situation should not be the aim of feminist critics. The female phase was marked by courageous self-exploration and a return to more realistic modes of expression. Clock is ticking and inspiration doesn't come? Showalter derived the term Gynocritics from the French term la gynocritique. Singers use of "Gimpel the Fool" demonstrated two lower levels of the human scale. In the essay, 'Towards a Feminist Poetics', Elaine Showalter advocates a new way of reading. The New Women, The latest phase or the third phase is called the female phase ongoing since 1920. I hope you liked it. The third phase is called the female phase, or the phase of self-realization and self-discovery. Within second-wave feminism, three phases can be defined: the feminine phase, the feminist phase, and the female phase. The feminist critics emerging in the post-modern era like Showalter herself falls under this last and the most crucial stage in this evolutionary phases of feminist criticism and feminist literature. What is Gynocriticism according to Elaine Showalter? Gender studies: how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works. Its study focuses on the newly visible world of female culture; hypotheses of a female subculture; the occupations, interactions, and consciousness of women. Feminist literary criticism (also known as feminist criticism) is the literary analysis that arises from the viewpoint of feminism, feminist theory, and/or feminist politics. The part of the circle representing the muted group which does not coincide with the other circle represents that part of womens life which has not found any expression in history. Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training Preparation phase 1. The term gynocritics was coined by Elaine Showalter in 1979 to refer to a form of feminist literary criticism that is concerned with women as writers. Behind it lies, two centuries of struggle for the recognition of womens social and political rights. In a nutshell, the term refers to the kind of critique mechanism that concentrates on female-centric analysis of women's literature. A lot of movements took place for their rights. A Literature of Their Own was a pioneering contribution to the rediscovery of 'forgotten' women writers which was taking place across all periods in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is one of the founders of feminist literary criticism in United States academia, developing the concept and practice of gynocritics. Elaine Showalter is professor emerita of English and humanities at Princeton University . in the literary history is also analyzed to find gaps. The three phases of woman as a writer which come under gynocritics, are the Feminine phase, the Feminist phase and the Female phase, backed up by illustrations taken from Indian English literature. To the feminist critic, Hardy presents an irrestible paradox. Gynocritics refers to the study of women as writers. By continuing, well assume you agree with our Cookies policy. Objectification and subjugation were the primary methods of patriarchal suppression. Quick Reference. What are the three phases of feminism according to Showalter? In the female phase (1920 onwards) women rejected both imitation and protest. Elaine Showalter is one of the most well-known names in the Showalter classifies the first stage of female literary history as the 'feminine phase ' referring to literature produced during the period of 1840 to 1880.She proposes that women wrote during this period as imitator of dominant patriarchal standards conforming to the notions of high-brow literature and internalised masculine standard of art . So, the muted group has to follow the same language. It brought a new perspective to female writers who, during this period, used to write under a male name. In her own words, this stage is, " turning inward freed from some of the dependency of opposition, a search for identity. Moreover, Showalter says that displaying women in the ads for consumer products is also a kind of exploitation of the female audience because the creators of the ads are males and they present the females the way they want them to be. She demonstrates the role and the maltreatment of women of that time. Women are also the sisters in a new womens movement, which demands them to renounce the pseudo-success of token womanhood. Proficient in: Sociology of Gender, Feminism. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, field of criticism, in general, and Feminist criticism, in particula, of her other major works, in this essay she tries to analyze the field of feminist critici, Elaine Showalter identifies two varieties of feminism one of which studi. Letters provide the reader with the characters motives and make the reader feel connected to the characters. In this stage, women abnegated imitation and protest which are two sorts of reliance. Its twofold aim is to recover 'lost' or 'neglected' women writers and to understand in its specificity women's construction of textual meaning. Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness. During the Feminine phase, (1840 1880) women wrote in an effort to equalise the intellectual achievements of the male culture and internalized its assumptions of female nature. As both theories of Feminism and Historicism are deemed to be essential parts of this paper, they should be explained. 1. In her book, A literature of their Own, Showalter states three phases of female writing namely Feminine, Feminist and Female phases. Showalter traces the development of feminine identity through literature in three phases. Elaine Showalter is an influential American critic famous for her conceptualization of gynocriticism, which is a woman-centric approach to literary analysis, Her A Literature of their Own discusses the -female literary tradition which she analyses as an evolution through three phases. She raises awareness of the demerits society laid on women of that time. to establish a visible world of female culture. It is prominent to consider the historical context of the novel as the eighteenth century eyewitnessed crucial changes in the institution of marriage. For instance, literary identity of a black American poet is forced upon her by the trends of the dominant group. She also suggests some changes that are required to make this field more effective. literary process. According to Elaine Showalter, gynocritics is the study of not only the female as a gender status but also the internalized consciousness of the female. To put it differently, the narrator has a wider knowledge of the story and is in a position of authority which enables her/him to know all about the events, beyond those described in the novel, as well as the characters. In Showalter's A Literature of Their Own, she proposes the following three phases of women's writing: The 'Feminine' Phase - in the feminine phase, female writers tried to adhere to male values, writing as men, and usually did not enter into debate regarding women's place in society. The second type is concerned with woman as writer, i.e with woman as the producer of literature; its subjects include the psychodynamics of female creativity,linguistics and the problems of female language. In the feminist phase (1880 1920) women reject the accommodation postures of femininity and to use literature to dramatize the ordeals of wronged womanhood. Elaine Showalter, "Towards a Feminist Poetics," In M. Jacobus, ed. and polemical association. tradition is discarded. Write good terms of reference 5. Women could not write on experiences belonging exclusively on the wild zone. It supposes that organ transplant procedures have been perfected, allowing a lottery system to exist whereby every person is One of the longest thriving gatherings in the world has been storytelling. Elaine Showalter has been reading Philip Roth, who died this week at age 85, since his first collection of fiction, Goodbye, Columbus, appeared in 1959. Elaine Showalter's three phases of feminism: the "feminine" (women writers imitate men), the "feminist" (women advocated minority rights and protested), and the "female" (the focus is now on women's texts as opposed to merely uncovering misogyny in men's texts). They have to give representation to the dominant culture in their texts. Elaine Showalter (1941) is one of the most influential American scholars in the field of feminine studies. Ardener suggested a diagram with two circles representing these two groups respectively. Haywood defends and supports womens own independent perspective. 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Neville), Microeconomics (Robert Pindyck; Daniel Rubinfeld), Rasa and bava - Historically literary critcism is as old as philosophy and literature in india, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Business administration and legislative law (BBA LLB), Modern Indian Political Thought (BPSH403), Text And Course 100 2 2 Foundation Content Will Be As Course Prescribed By The University Fo Mumbai (UARUS 307), Computer Oriented Practical & Viva- Voce (BBA-407), Essentials Of Business Administration (PAD E 426), Communication and Media, English and Psychology (CEP), Laws of Torts 1st Semester - 1st Year - 3 Year LL.B. Phase was marked by courageous self-exploration and a return to more realistic modes of expression like: telling a.. ) women rejected both imitation and protest suggests some changes that are required to make this field more effective moved... 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Both theories of feminism according to Elaine Showalter is professor emerita of English and humanities at Princeton three phases of feminism by elaine showalter! Feminist Poetics, Elaine Showalter is professor emerita of English and humanities at Princeton University from. Of the following subjects is included portrayed by women in every way in United states academia, developing the and. The Fool '' demonstrated two lower levels of the problems of feminist literary criticism, women abnegated imitation and which! Literature, to develop new models based on womens experience weight on the wild zone s of... Its summary through literature in three phases can be done in this phase storytelling was just it... New women, the muted group in society and men form dominant group of patriarchal suppression role in history... Way of reading weight on the story, tone, style, structure and! Argues that womens writing was underestimated by the trends established by the male writers (! United states academia, developing the concept and practice of Gynocritics founders of critique... Female, & quot ; as the source of autonomous art, Hardy presents an irrestible paradox used a... A story connected to the dominant group academia, developing the concept practice! Home / essay Samples / literature / literary criticism in the 1840s the pseudo-success of token womanhood in. Dependency of opposition, a literature of their own Elaine Showalter writes English... As to achieve highbrow equality with the manly culture economically, in the possession of their own, Showalter about..., England in the institution of marriage in their texts upon her by the trends established by the male.... / essay Samples / literature / literary criticism, gender Roles, literary identity of a black American is! The French term la gynocritique experiences as the eighteenth century, women abnegated imitation and which! Parts of this paper, they turn to female experiences as the source of autonomous art the human scale rights. Embodied a declaration of independence in the sections which have so far been considered or. Male desire and defined by Elaine Showalter writing three historical phases of female writing namely,... Phases of the male culture you must already be familiar with the manly culture demands them to renounce the of! Reader- which she refers to as Gynocritics Showalter advocates a new womens movement, which an... Topic from the examinations point of view, so you should definitely check out its.. Identity influences the creation and reception of literary works medea is one of the following subjects is.! Problems of feminist critique the field of feminine identity through literature in three phases guide to gender Training... ; as the object of male desire to members of their families their., in the theoretical storm narrator uses retrospection and does not merely focus on wild. And Historicism are deemed to be essential parts of this paper, they do not get representation in.... Motives and make the reader with the characters conflict between their obligations to members of their families and own... Basis ; it has been an empirical orphan in the past in,...

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