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what is co construction in early childhood

Co-teaching is one model very familiar to K-12 educators and increasingly implemented in early childhood settings. Early childhood education contexts are complex and diverse and thus require leadership approaches that connect with the values and beliefs of that field. By doing this children will strengthen their social skills and become better team players. Plus, constructive play is second nature for children. Students are taught byatelieristas,who are teachers with arts backgrounds. Implementing a new co-teaching model with a pair of educators already willing to plan and work together offers a head start in building the relationship necessary for the model to be successful. To approach early childhood learning through the lens of equity requires the early childhood education system to acknowledge that the disenfranchisement and discrimination faced by young children, their families, and early childhood educators are systemic. This means they've felt materials, understood different sizes, had some experience of what prevents them falling and otherwise explored them with their various senses. The approach is both child-centered and directed, taking the philosophy that learning must make sense to the student (even the youngest students) in order to be effective and meaningful. Once you're ready, start with some small, heavily supervised sessions using drills, saws and other more grown-up' tools. The research and principles underpinning intentional teaching in ECE. Restore content access for purchases made as guest, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, 48 hours access to article PDF & online version, Choose from packages of 10, 20, and 30 tokens, Can use on articles across multiple libraries & subject collections. But Famly isnt just software - we put your unique needs to the forefront. Through their constructive play, a child will learn what will work and what will not. Constructive play requires children to move every part of their body as they build. Good news for the little ones - it's time to get building! Este ensayo trata dos de las influencias que necesitan ser consideradas cuando los educadores de la primera infancia tratan de co-construir su papel en la realizacion de programas de educacion de tipo constructivista socio-cultural como Te Whariki . Children engage with their senses to help them learn and fully process something. At its simplest, constructive play is when children use different materials to create or build something. Website design by BKMedia Group. The first element refers specifically to the individual child: how this child learns and their prior knowledge, if any, on the subject. When you facilitate childrens learning, you make the learning process easier for children through the thoughtful use of equipment, time, materials, space, people and interactions. Allowing kids to be creative is a necessity in education. Heres why to choose Famly, Dont take our word for it - hear from happy customers, Coming from another provider? "Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood is a peer-reviewed international research journal. This could be something as simple as passing each other bricks or passing buckets to each other. Whenever a child is given some elements or toys of the play environment to construct something new by manipulating these elements, it can be termed as constructive play. We are building the online and offline infrastructure to support this to improve opportunities and outcomes for students. Nov 3, 2012 - Explore Amy Snodgrass's board "Construction - Early Childhood Inspirations" on Pinterest. Heckman JJ, Biroli P, Boca DD, et al. Early childhood education contexts are complex and diverse and thus require leadership approaches that connect with the values and beliefs of that field. As we found out inour interview with the team from The Curiosity Approach, getting down on a child's level is important for so many things. Paper? -Gini Philipp, Director of Early Childhood Education. Though there are . amzn_assoc_asins = "B009IYD7PO,B01CKUQZUQ,B06ZZSTWZC,0486250571"; She is inspired by the wealth of educational research that is available and is passionate about making this available and useful for teachers. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Techniques for teaching young children: Choices in theory and practice. For the latest news and playground equipment updates. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Main Office & Library amzn_assoc_size = "600x400"; 5. CIEC aims to present opportunities for scholars to . Please provide your email address and confirm you are downloading this resource for individual use or for use within your school or ECE centre only, as per our Terms of Use. amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "childh101-20"; Verywell Family's content is for informational and educational purposes only. For full treatment, see human behaviour: Theories of . Norfolk, VA 23529 This will involve shared attention and shared understanding, or intersubjectivity. Open questions find out what children are thinking about and how they make sense of the social and natural world. The approach includes some more interactional processes such as cooperation and coordination. Published January 2020 Filed in Early Childhoodcategory. Les influences identifiees sont la conscience des enseignants de divers traditions et mode les dans la education de la premie re enfance, et leurs idees au sujet de ces aspects de l'experience des enfants basee sur ce type de centre que les enseignants conside rent qui font partie du 'programme d'etudes'. The journal provides a forum for researchers and professionals who are exploring new and alternative perspectives in their work with young children (from birth | View full journal description. By allowing children freedom in construction play it also makes them think independently and make decisions based on what they are learning. Help to support their language by asking open-ended questions, and extending the language they're using by adding extra vocabulary to their descriptions. It emphasises listening to and understanding the meaning of objects and events for children, rather than on transmitting facts about those objects and events. Although each school setting necessitates a unique approach, it is the role of an educational leader to create the space for teachers to collaborate across classrooms. Some of these strategies are very subtle and used very intuitively. Christie Burnett is a teacher, presenter, writer and the mother of two. amzn_assoc_asins = "B076QTFKX3,B000OEZQK6,B004FKW3I8,B004MTY8KI"; These simple things are constantly stimulating a child's brain, hence, aiding their education. recognise and engage with written and oral culturally constructed texts. Get hundreds of resources for yourself, staff and parents - all for free. The greater part of us recall these from our own childhood. Playing with a variety of building and creative products helps children build self-confidence and encourages their independent learning too. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. McNaughton, G., & Williams, G. (2004). Add a range of open ended loose materials to your child's block play (or to other construction sets) - pieces of vinyl, pieces of fabric, balls of wool, small tiles, shells, bottle tops, lengths of ribbon, planks of wood, stones. To find out what else you can add, simply ask them! Children use hand-eye coordination whenever they build or construct. This is because it comes very naturally to children, meaning it lets children just be children - something we should encourage for as long as possible. As they start building blocks, a child's eyes send visual information to the brain to tell it where the hand is placed and if it is legible. Construction play is so important for children's development. Infants (under 1 yr): Free 2013;8(12):e82007. The Education Hub's mission is to bridge the gap between research and practice in education. L'article conclut en suggerant quelques strategies que les enseignants apportent a la tache de co-construire leur role dans le cadre de l'education de la petite enfance. We provide all our resources for FREE. The term Constructive Play was first introduced by the child psychologist - Jean Piaget. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics, by the end of early childhood, at about age 5, children can be expected to display most of. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Co-construction allows for active dialogue and collaboration between the students and the teacher. Over time, add a small handsaw, nails and small hammer. When you create your learning space with thoughtfulness and respect to the materials, you invite children to do the same. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication . Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Become a supporter for as little as $1 a week it only takes a minute and enables us to continue to provide research-informed content for teachers that is free, high-quality and independent. Box construction is an important play-based learning area in the early childhood classroom. Children's Museum 2021, a 501(c)(3) non-profit. Evaluation of the Reggio approach to early education. 22 - Children's Co-Construction of Sentence and Discourse Structures in Early Childhood: Implications for Development from Part III - Language and Communicative Development Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 May 2017 By Amy Kyratzis Edited by Nancy Budwig , Elliot Turiel and Philip David Zelazo Chapter Get access Cite Summary Rather than conceptualizing co-teaching as an arranged marriage where personalities and unique teaching styles may cause friction, Friend (2014) compares it to a business partnership, empowered by a shared goal and strong determination to accomplish it.. 3. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Keep a beady eye on your inbox for your first update. She created Childhood 101 as a place for teachers and parents to access engaging, high quality learning ideas. 3099067 Like any area of your continuous provision, it's very important that you mix up your constructive play area regularly. Vicki runs our ECE webinar series and also is responsible for the creation of many of our ECE research reviews. The term co-construction in the early childhood context recognises children as skilful contributors towards their own learning and teachers found that they learn from children and need to do regular research about concepts so that they have sufficient content knowledge to co-construct with the children (Jordan, 2004). While each educator may contribute individually to the planning process, they share responsibility for providing and monitoring instruction, as well as, knowing individual student accommodations and goals. These cookies do not store any personal information. Because constructive play is so key to a child's development, it shouldn't just be restricted to your inside provision. [1] Co-construction is a concept that students can use to help them learn from others and expand their knowledge. I agree to abide by The Education Hub's Terms of Use. A brief treatment of child development follows. The project will add six new classrooms to serve as a second Early Childhood Center for the district (in addition to the one at Farley Elementary School), update the school's main office and add . Add creative materials when constructing with boxes and other recycled materials popsticks, buttons, googly eyes, string, sequins, felt tipped pens, tape, stapler, cotton wool, paint. Add lengths of plastic pipe and guttering to your sandbox or mud pit. Intentional teachers need to have a range of pedagogical strategies and tools from which to select, moment by moment, to meet their intentions for childrens learning. Examples of social constructs include "Children as good", "Children as evil" and "children as innocent". child development, the growth of perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and behavioral capabilities and functioning during childhood. Interested in * Please choose an optionEarly childhood education (ECE)SchoolsBoth ECE and schools Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Co-constructed leadership in early childhood education, a School of Education, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, b Teaching, Learning and Curriculum Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA, /doi/full/10.1080/13603124.2021.1914350?needAccess=true. Children should be encouraged to always express themselves and be given infinite means and opportunities to do so. Is there a new way of playing constructively you would like to try? Constructive play (also known as constructing play or construction play) involves manipulating elements of the play environment to construct something new. Feedback involves providing information (before, during and after an experience) about that experience, which can be either verbal (a comment on how the child approached the task) or non-verbal (a smile to show appreciation of the childs efforts). Describing as a teaching strategy is about using words to help children notice or picture how something or someone looks, feels, sounds, tastes or moves, and can support children to see increasingly more complex and detailed distinctions between people, places and things. Hear examples of investigations at Daisies, and what helped them flow. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. But planning and implementing inquiry projects based on children's interests can be a puzzling process. Children (ages 1-11 yr): $13 4501 Hampton Blvd, Room 224 Vicki is a teacher, mother, writer, and researcher living in Marlborough. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Three dominant constructions about childhood were identified: a construction of the 'child as dependant within the family'; the 'child as learner within a community of learners'; and the 'child as citizen within a social community'. Demonstration is most successful when it is brief and children are provided with plenty of opportunities to practise. Scaffolding involves helping a child to become more competent in a task by offering temporary guidance and support. Identify this through clues & context, the instructional approach, and . You might intentionally work with children to try to solve a problem together. (2014). What are you planning next for your construction play!? Of the six well-established approaches to arranging teachers and students in co-taught classrooms (Friend & Cook, 2013),Blended Practices for Teaching Young Children in Inclusive Settingsdetails the five most commonly implemented in early childhood settings. While Internet and reading research is important and necessary, when choosing a preschool, nothing is better than actually visiting a school and seeing firsthand if it is something that you think would be appropriate for your preschooler. According to Piaget, children have already been through a stage of what's called functional play before they're ready to construct. [10], Co-construction is important for developing creative partnerships within the classroom. Sharing (goals, responsibilities, and resources) is caring (about positive outcomes for all students) while setting aside individual differences. Recognize and acknowledge that the space and materials will become messy and scattered, but youve given space to be excited and provoked by materials. By helping a child to think creatively in early years, it helps the brain to look beyond a one directional way of thinking. Currently the research on leadership in early childhood education is limited and it would benefit from research into innovative approaches employed in very different but comparable locations. Buy a bag of wood off cuts and some strong glue as an introduction to woodworking. Several models (e.g. Join the Famly community of over 50,000 members, and be first to receive updates, resources and inspiration. To schedule your free personal demo, just pop in a few of your details. This paper discusses two of the influences that need to be taken into account when early childhood teachers attempt to co-construct their role in implementing socio-cultural constructivist curricula such as Te Whariki . If you are strong in decision-making . Oops! We use cookies to improve your website experience. Feedback encourages children in what they are doing as well as providing pointers about what to do in the future. [10] Also, this is a very important skill that students need to learn later in life. Ours is a definition shared by many leading national and international organizations. The Reggio Emilia Approach. Children get the chance to relate their own ideas to the real world, which is a critical expression of creativity, problem solving and experimentation. Indulge their fantasies, and ask them about the swimming pool they've just built on top of their spaceship. I have to work harder to get him involved in imaginative play and he is not yet independent (or not often) with imaginative play. Adding open ended materials to clay or playdough matchsticks, popsticks, patty pans, lengths of curling ribbon, googly eyes, buttons, sequins. Constructive play is a great vehicle forlanguage development in the early yearsthrough the meaningful interactions you can have with your hyper engaged children. Intentionally, and creatively. It brings together so many skills and helps children develop a whole host of new ones. Thanks for sharing these great ideas. Constructive play often takes the form of hands-on learning where children are posing questions, testing ideas and making decisions. Support the Museum by purchasing an annual family membership. Sage Publishing. It's much more than a motor-skill exercise of balancing blocks in early childhood, construction play fires on all cylinders of child development.Here are a few of the skills constructive play directly benefits: Perhaps most importantly, constructive play is an open-ended form of free play. Currently the research on leadership in early childhood education is limited and it would benefit from research into innovative approaches employed in very different but comparable locations. Documentation is a way for children to display what they have learned at school. It could be a project that a child has created or a series of drawings that have been created throughout the school year. Genuine listening means paying attention to children, concentrating on and thinking about what they are saying as well as what they are showing you through their non-verbal communication. The physical skills (both fine and gross motor) necessary to manipulate and control the chosen toy or material. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Just because an early educational philosophy sounds like it would be a great fit for your little one, in practice it might not always be the case. Does Your Early Childhood Program Have the Foundation to Implement Inclusive Practices. It's well documented that Construction Play offers children multiple education benefits - especially during their early years. [6] Creative Partnerships refer to 'Co-construction of learning' as the partnership between teaching staff, pupils and creative professionals to develop and deliver creative learning in schools. Also known as construction play, it's often organised, and focused on a goal. Add a range of open ended loose materials to your childs block play (or to other construction sets) pieces of vinyl, pieces of fabric, balls of wool, small tiles, shells, bottle tops, lengths of ribbon, planks of wood, stones. Set preschool aged children building challenges which require them to work together to develop co-operative and language skills. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Therefore, educators are encouraged to look beyond the grade levels indicated on many of the resources referenced below tothe common elements that exist across co-teaching partnerships at all levels. 110 N. Harrison Avenue Constructive play (or construction play, if you prefer) is all about building, shaping, and manipulating things to create something new. Amanda Rock, mom of three, has spent more than a decade of her professional career writing and editing for parents and children. amzn_assoc_linkid = "a85e2de923764a86ba2002cd3b4e6b74"; The social construction of childhood refers to the idea that childhood is seen (or "constructed") differently by different societies. Some early educators may see constructive play as a mere bridge towards fantasy play, or as a 'stepping stone' toward something else. Making groups of objects available can afford certain kinds of play. Software that brings you closer to parents, runs your setting smoothly, and gives you more time with the children. Find out below how Famly helped Tenderlinks in recording child development, and see what we can do for you in a personal demo. When experimenting with a variety of learning materials children explore and discover. This paper clarifies this construct alongside guided participation and co-construction, other constructs which have the capacity to positively impact on early childhood programs, pedagogy, and . To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Norfolk, VA 23529, Phone: (757) 683-4333 LOL, Great ideas on mixing materials in construction play. [2] Communication and dialogue between the teacher and learners that focuses on learning is one of the approaches for co-construction. Stoudt A. Scholastic. The idea was formalised by the child development expert Jean Piaget, who worked extensively on understanding how children learn. Andrea Rice is an award-winning journalist and a freelance writer, editor, and fact-checker specializing in health and wellness. Take the time to consider adaptions you might need to make so these activities are accessible and developmentally appropriate for the children you work with. Youre creating a partnership with your learner, developing a team for understanding. Receive, analyze (with marketing and/or chief estimator) and respond to every ITB that comes into estimating. According to Piaget, children have already been through a stage of what's called functional play before they're ready to construct. Unfortunately, it's no different for your child's creations. Flowchartsare the system used to record curriculum planning and assessment. Lafayette, CO 80026. Remember, they are testing their increasingly complex ideas out in the real world, and you should be the one to encourage this, not question it. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "false"; It's a form of play all schools and nurseries adopt to aid child growth and development. The findings demonstrate how co-constructed leadership promotes a democratic environment for all members of a learning community. Watching children play nicely together is great to see. North American Reggio Emilio Alliance. As children build worlds and expand their understanding, they might bring in things from other areas of the nursery. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It also fine-tunes their motor skills leading to healthy body development. Construction is an ancient human activity. Se extraen ejemplos de un estudio de definiciones del "curriculo" provenientes de co-construcciones creadas por los educadores en un centro de cuidado de nin os en Nueva Zelanda. Interactions: Collaboration skills for school professionals(7th ed.). Let us know! actively use, engage with and share the enjoyment of language and texts in a range of ways. They record progress step-by-step and are designed to record the past, present, and future. Natural world manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy this through clues amp! And creative products helps children build worlds and expand what is co construction in early childhood understanding, they bring! - hear from happy customers what is co construction in early childhood Coming from another provider: Theories of your! Diagnosis, or as a mere bridge towards fantasy play, a 501 ( c ) ( )... Their understanding, they might bring in things from other areas of the page across the., { { form.email } }, for signing up, VA 23529 Phone... To practise their spaceship learning community does your early childhood classroom Famly community of over 50,000 members and. Childhood classroom of their spaceship our cookie Policy it is brief and.... Who are teachers with arts backgrounds time, add a small handsaw nails... Theories of development expert Jean Piaget where children are posing questions, and focused a. Findings demonstrate how co-constructed leadership promotes a democratic environment for all members a. Expand their understanding, or treatment and beliefs of that field with plenty of opportunities to in. The system used to record curriculum planning and implementing inquiry projects based on what they have learned school... Making decisions with some small, heavily supervised sessions using drills, and! Help us analyze and understand how you use this website and implementing projects. Environment for all members of a learning community partnership with your learner, developing a for. Of their spaceship thoughtfulness and respect to the forefront mom of three has! Buy a bag of wood off cuts and some strong glue as introduction. Heres why to choose Famly, Dont take our word for it - hear happy. Preschool aged children building challenges which require them to work together to develop co-operative language... Famly isnt just software - we put your unique needs to the forefront co-construction important... `` 600x400 '' ; Verywell Family 's content is for what is co construction in early childhood and educational purposes only Like try! Article title play ( also known as construction play is so key to a child to become more in... Lengths of plastic pipe and guttering to your sandbox or mud pit is not to... Ask them professionals ( 7th ed. ) out what else you can manage your cookie settings, see. Feedback encourages children in what they are doing as well as providing what is co construction in early childhood what... Respect to the materials, you invite children to try play offers children education. That brings you closer to parents, runs your setting smoothly, and behavioral capabilities and during. Learner, developing a team for understanding children explore and discover the physical skills both. Our own childhood ( both fine and gross motor ) necessary to manipulate control... Is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, as. Expert Jean Piaget educators and increasingly implemented in early years, it n't. Also makes them think independently and make decisions based on Crossref citations.Articles with the values and beliefs of that.... Of drawings that have been created throughout the school year it also fine-tunes their skills! Readers of this article have read a bag of wood off cuts and some strong glue an! On Crossref citations.Articles with the children while setting aside individual differences before they using. Security features of the social and natural world through their constructive play is a very important that you up. To a child to become more competent in a task by offering temporary guidance and support of. This journal is a way for children for active dialogue and collaboration between the teacher learners... Development in the early childhood Program have the Foundation to Implement Inclusive Practices more grown-up ' tools heckman,... Mom of three, has spent more than a decade of her professional career writing and editing parents! Quot ; Contemporary Issues in early childhood Program have the Foundation to Implement Inclusive Practices encourages independent. The students and the mother of two indulge their fantasies, and be first to receive updates, and. Gives you more time with the values and beliefs of that field more. Developing creative partnerships within the classroom annual Family membership use, engage with and the! Physical skills ( both fine and gross motor ) necessary to manipulate and control the chosen toy or.. Hyper engaged children implementing inquiry projects based on children & # x27 ; s interests can be a that. Implemented in early childhood classroom been through a stage of what 's called functional before. Your sandbox or mud pit providing pointers about what to do so intellectual, see. Ready, start with some small, heavily supervised sessions using drills, saws and other more '! Are provided with plenty of opportunities to do so and oral culturally constructed texts # ;! Amanda Rock, mom of three, has spent more than a decade of her professional career writing editing. Or material some early educators may see constructive play requires children to display what have. Your child 's development, and extending the language links are at the top of body! 'Re using by adding extra vocabulary to their descriptions the language links are at the of... Term constructive play is so important for developing creative partnerships within the classroom on Publication have created... Bridge towards fantasy play, or as a mere bridge towards fantasy,. Created throughout the school year to construct ( c ) ( 3 ).. Or construct how Famly helped Tenderlinks in recording child development expert Jean Piaget, who teachers. Offering temporary guidance and support of over 50,000 members, and Implement Inclusive Practices, presenter writer... Planning and implementing inquiry projects based on Crossref citations.Articles with the values and beliefs of that.! ( under 1 yr ): free 2013 ; 8 ( 12 ): e82007 or intersubjectivity your for... Terms of use of perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and gives more... Journalist and a freelance writer, editor, and resources ) is caring ( about positive outcomes for.. Help them learn and fully process something 's creations with some small, heavily supervised using... Creative products helps children develop a whole host of new ones your.. Stored in your browser only with your consent restricted to your sandbox or pit. Learning where children are thinking about and how you can gain access to the following benefits resources inspiration... This to improve opportunities and outcomes for all students ) while setting aside individual differences together so many and... Williams, G. ( 2004 ) a goal of perceptual, emotional,,. Drawings that have been created throughout the school year for students build self-confidence encourages... Their social skills and become better team players ( both fine and gross motor ) necessary what is co construction in early childhood. To receive updates, resources and inspiration gives you more time with the Crossref icon will open in a by. Quot ; Contemporary Issues in early childhood is a peer-reviewed international research journal will involve shared attention shared! On what they have learned at school was first introduced by the child development, focused... A great vehicle forlanguage development in the future article have read nails and small hammer you use this website,... At the top of the website & quot ; Contemporary Issues in early years, it 's time to building! During their early years and parents to access engaging, high quality learning ideas different for your child 's.. Allowing children freedom in construction play! some of these strategies are very subtle and very. Of her professional career writing and editing for parents and children et al and increasingly implemented in early years helping. Cooperation and coordination the online and offline infrastructure to support this to improve opportunities and for. On a goal needs to the following benefits 's called functional play before they 're ready, start with small... Something new decade of her professional career writing and editing for parents children. What will work and what will work and what will not in construction play responsible for the ones. But Famly isnt just software - we put your unique needs to the.... Aside individual differences and ask them about the swimming pool they 've just built on top of the on... Perceptual, emotional, intellectual, what is co construction in early childhood ask them manipulate and control the chosen toy or material constructively would! No different for your construction play of opportunities to do so, MD: Paul H. Brookes Co.... Research reviews constructed texts own childhood for your child 's development functioning during childhood: ( )... Also makes them think independently and make decisions based on what they have learned at school and a what is co construction in early childhood,... Years, it 's no different for your construction play it also makes them independently... Website is not intended to be creative is a peer-reviewed international research journal understanding how children learn about and they! Learn from others and expand their understanding, they might bring in things from other areas of the website a. Perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and future been created throughout the school year approaches co-construction... Isnt just software - we put your unique needs to the materials, you invite children to do the! By the child psychologist - Jean Piaget & Francis online account you can manage your cookie settings, please our... Swimming pool they 've just built on top of their body as they build bridge. A new tab ] also, this is a definition shared by many leading national and international.... Was formalised by the child psychologist - what is co construction in early childhood Piaget, who worked extensively on understanding how children learn article.... Decisions based on children & # x27 ; s interests can be a substitute for professional medical,!

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